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1 Martin, Pierre Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 August 1824 Bourges, Franced. 23 May 1915 Fourchambault, France[br]French metallurgist, pioneer of open-hearth steelmaking.[br]His father Emile owned an iron-and steelworks at Sireuil, near Angoulême, and, through this, Pierre became interested in improving the steelmaking process. In England, C.W. Siemens had developed the regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery that produced a much higher furnace temperature. In 1863, the Martins applied this process in an open-hearth furnace built under licence from Siemens, with the aid of his engineers. They melted a mixture of pig-and wrought iron to produce steel with the required carbon content. Martin exhibited the product at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 and was awarded a gold medal. The open-hearth process was for a long time known as the Siemens-Martin process, but Martin did not share in the profits which others gained from its successful adoption. He had difficulty in obtaining patent rights as it was claimed that the principles of the process were already known and in use. The costs of litigation brought Martin to the brink of poverty, from which relief came only late in life, when in 1907 the Comité des Forges de France opened a subscription for him that was generously supported. A week before his death, the Iron and Steel Institute of London bestowed on him their Bessemer gold medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1915.Further ReadingObituary, 1915, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 91:466.LRD -
2 Metallurgy
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3 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
См. также в других словарях:
Martin, Pierre-Émile — ▪ French engineer born Aug. 18, 1824, Bourges, Fr. died May 23, 1915, Fourchambault French engineer who invented the Siemens–Martin (open hearth) process, which produced most of the world s steel until the development of the basic oxygen process … Universalium
Pierre-Émile Martin — Nom de naissance Pierre Emile Blaise MARTIN Naissance 17 août 1824 Bourges, France … Wikipédia en Français
Pierre-Emile Martin — Pierre Émile Martin Pour les articles homonymes, voir Martin. Pierre Émile Martin (né en 1824 à Bourges et décédé en 1915 à Fourchambault) est un ingénieur des mines de Paris et industriel français. On lui doit l application du principe de la… … Wikipédia en Français
Pierre-émile martin — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Martin. Pierre Émile Martin (né en 1824 à Bourges et décédé en 1915 à Fourchambault) est un ingénieur des mines de Paris et industriel français. On lui doit l application du principe de la récupération des gaz… … Wikipédia en Français
Pierre Émile Martin — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Martin. Pierre Émile Martin (né en 1824 à Bourges et décédé en 1915 à Fourchambault) est un ingénieur des mines de Paris et industriel français. On lui doit l application du principe de la récupération des gaz… … Wikipédia en Français
Pierre-Émile Martin — Pierre Émile Martin, (* 18. August 1824 in Bourges; † 23. Mai 1915 in Fourchambault) war ein französischer Hüttentechniker. François Marie Emile Martin (1794 1871) und sein Sohn Pierre führten in Sireuil bei Angoulême (Südfrankreich) … Deutsch Wikipedia
Martin-pierre tremblay — Nom de naissance Martin Pierre Tremblay Naissance 1972 Nationalité Canadienne Profession(s) écrivain … Wikipédia en Français
Martin-Pierre Tremblay — Nom de naissance Martin Pierre Tremblay Naissance 1972 Nationalité Canadienne Profession écrivain Martin Pierre Tremblay … Wikipédia en Français
Pierre-Émile Martin — Infobox Engineer image size = 150px caption = Pierre Émile Martin name = Pierre Émile Martin nationality = France birth date = 18 August, 1824 birth place = Bourges death date = 23 May, 1915 death place = Fourchambault education = spouse =… … Wikipedia
Martín — Martin ist ein männlicher Vorname und Familienname. Die weibliche Form des Namens lautet Martina. Der Nachname Martin ist in vielen Ländern verbreitet. In Frankreich zum Beispiel ist er der häufigste Familienname und auch im englischsprachigen… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Martin — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Martín. Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : « Martin » … Wikipédia en Français
